Translating Scotland. Nation and Identity

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Chapter One: Introducing Scotland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. The beginnings of a nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2. The development of a nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. Scotland in trouble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4. Leading up to the union with England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Chapter Two: Proud to be Scottish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1. The languages of early Scotland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2. The beginnings of a national literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3. The Auld Makars and translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4. The Reformation and the English language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5. An unequal union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Chapter Three: 18th Century Scottish Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
1. The historical split . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2. The politics of culture and the dichotomy of language . . . . . . . . 87
3. Dissentient voices in poetry: the significance of Allan Ramsay
and Robert Fergusson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Chapter Four: Robert Burns - The National Bard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
1. Burns and Fergusson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
2. Burns - the politically-oriented poet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3. Burns - the rebellious Presbyterian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4. Burns and his historical awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5. Burns and the linguistic controversy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Chapter Five: Scotland's 19th Century Dualism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
1. A re-invention of the Highlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
2. Divisions and polarisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3. Romanticising the Highlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4. Sentiment for the past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5. Torn between past and present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6. Folk tradition and the Scottish character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7. Manners and modes of speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8. 'The Foreigner at Home' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
9. Realism contra nostalgia and sentimentality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
10. Side-stepping the Kailyard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Chapter Six: The 20th Century Scottish Literary Renaissance . . . . . . . 181
1. The growing importance of socialist and nationalist ideas . . . . . 183
2. Foreshadowing MacDiarmid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
3. 'Anti-Kailyard Salvoes' and a New Awakening . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4. Hugh MacDiarmid, the man of the times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
5. Other important voices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Chapter Seven: ... and so the Diversity and Creativity Continues . . . . 229
1. The achievement of three languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
2. Politics and Glasgow Scots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
3. Nationalism and creative diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Drawing to a conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290